Trauma assessment and first aid in the confined spaces after major natural disasters / 中华危重病急救医学

Major natural disasters seriously threaten human life and health. After earthquakes and other catastrophes, survivors are often trapped in the confined spaces caused by the collapse of ground and buildings, with relative separation from the outside world, restricted access, complex environment, and oncoming or ongoing unsafety, leading to the rescue extremely difficult. In order to save lives and improve the outcome more efficiently in the confined spaces after natural disasters, it is very important to standardize and reasonably apply the trauma assessment and first aid workflow. This study focuses on trauma assessment and first aid. From the aspects of trauma assessment, vital signs stabilization, hemostasis and bandaging, post-trauma anti-infection, and the transportation of patients, a trauma first aid work process suitable for a small space of a major natural disaster is formed, It is helpful to realize the immediate and efficient treatment of trauma in the confined spaces after natural catastrophes, to reduce the rate of death and disability and improve the outcome of patients.

Impact of the earthquake during COVID-19 lockdown on fracture admission at a tertiary trauma centre in Croatia / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To determine the impact of an earthquake during COVID-19 lockdown on fracture admission at a tertiary trauma centre in Croatia.@*METHODS@#A case-control study was performed at the tertiary trauma centre registry. Two different periods were studied. The case group included a period during COVID-19 lockdown right after the earthquakes until the end of the confinement period in Croatia. And the control group corresponded to the equivalent period in 2019. We identified all consecutive patients who were admitted due to urgent care requirements for the musculoskeletal trauma. Patient's demographic data and admitting diagnoses were assessed. Data were analyzed by statistical procedures using the program MedCalc statistical software version 16.4.3.@*RESULTS@#We identified 178 emergency admissions due to musculoskeletal trauma. During the COVID-19 lockdown and post-earthquake period, there was a drastic reduction in total admissions (359 vs. 662; p < 0.0001) with an increased proportion of trauma admissions within the emergency admissions (34.9% vs. 26.5%; p = 0.02926, Z = -2.1825). Furthermore, in the case group there was a significant increase in hospital admissions due to ankle/foot trauma (11 vs. 2, p = 0.0126) and a trend towards a decrease in the admissions due to tibia fractures (5 vs. 12, p = 0.0896), however without statistical significance. Also, an increased proportion of women within the group of femoral fractures in both case group (81.6% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.00194, Z = 3.1033) and the control group (82.3% vs. 60.5%, p = 0.0232, Z = 2.2742) was observed. In both analyzed periods, the osteoporotic hip fracture was the most common independent admitting diagnosis.@*CONCLUSION@#It is crucial to understand how natural disasters like earthquakes influence the pattern of trauma admissions during a coexisting pandemic. Accordingly, healthcare systems have to be prepared for an increased influx of certain pathology, like foot and ankle trauma.

Haïti: tremblement de terre. Rapport de Situation nº 1 - 22 aout 2021 / Haiti: earthquake. Situation Report n ° 1 - August 22, 2021

Après qu'un puissant séisme de magnitude 7,2 et une dépression tropicale aient frappé Haïti les 14 et 17 août derniers, ne faisant qu'aggraver la misère et le dénuement causés par une intensification des déplacements liés aux gangs, une insécurité alimentaire chronique et des chocs climatiques récurrents, les besoins humanitaires augmentent rapidement, dépassant la vitesse à laquelle les autorités nationales et les partenaires humanitaires peuvent atteindre les populations touchées. Le passage de la dépression tropicale Grace n'a fait qu'aggraver les conditions sur le terrain après le tremblement de terre, en déversant des pluies extrêmement fortes dans les mêmes régions du sud du pays qui ont subi l'impact du tremblement de terre quelques jours plus tôt et en retardant le déploiement rapide des évaluations sectorielles et l'acheminement de l'aide humanitaire vitale. Alors que le département du Sud-Est a été largement épargné par les conséquences du séisme dévastateur, les pluies diluviennes de Grace ont déclenché des inondations dans le département qui ont touché des centaines de foyers, générant des besoins concurrents issus de crises qui se superposent. Au 21 août, le bilan s'élevait à 2 207 morts, 12 268 blessés et 344 disparus. Ces chiffres augmentent d'heure en heure, car les équipes de recherche et de sauvetage ont de plus en plus de mal à trouver des survivants. Alors que le nombre de personnes gravement blessées ne cesse d'augmenter, la capacité de réaction du système de santé, déjà limitée, est de plus en plus mise à l'épreuve. Beaucoup de celles et ceux qui ont eu la chance de s'en sortir vivants se retrouvent maintenant sans abri, sans accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement, et plus exposés aux violences et aux abus, y compris aux violences basées sur le genre (VBG), car l'environnement de protection reste précaire. Selon la Direction générale de la protection civile (DGPC), 650 000 personnes ont besoin d'une aide humanitaire d'urgence dans les trois départements les plus touchés (Sud, Grand'Anse et Nippes). L'agriculture et les moyens de subsistance qui y sont liés ont été durement frappés dans les zones sinistrées, ce qui risque d'aggraver la sécurité alimentaire dans un pays où 4,4 millions de personnes, soit près de 40 % de la population, souffraient déjà d'insécurité alimentaire aiguë. Certaines des zones les plus touchées, comme le département des Nippes, ont déjà été confrontées aux conséquences négatives des sécheresses cycliques et de l'érosion des sols ces dernières années, ce qui a probablement poussé de nombreuses personnes à recourir à des mécanismes d'adaptation négatifs, car elles n'ont pas la capacité de faire face à la dernière crise.

Haiti: earthquake situation. Report nº 2 - 26 August 2021

Nearly two weeks after a 7.2-magnitude earthquake rocked south-western Haiti, humanitarian assistance has begun reaching some of the hardest-to-reach areas, where the most vulnerable are still unable to meet their urgent need for food, basic sanitation and hygiene and life-saving health services. In some remote rural areas, response personnel and relief supplies have yet to reach those most in need. The compounded impacts of the earthquake and Tropical Depression Grace have greatly exacerbated pre-existing needs. The UN System in Haiti estimates 650,000 people are in need of emergency humanitarian assistance, a concerning figure considering that 634,000 people across the three most affected departments ­ Grand'Anse, Nippes and Sud ­ already needed multi-sectoral humanitarian assistance before the quake. As of the latest updates issued on 25 August, the Haitian Civil Protection General Directorate (DGPC) reported 2,207 deaths,12,268 injured and 320 missing. By 22 August, search-and-rescue crews had extracted 24 missing people from the rubble, including 4 children, who were airlifted to Camp-Perrin to receive emergency medical assistance. In the Sud Department, aftershocks continue almost two weeks after the initial quake on 14 August, creating widespread panic among the affected population. Some people whose homes are still standing in affected areas are choosing to sleep in the streets in fear that the structures may collapse at any moment.

Flash appeal Haiti - 2021

Le 14 août à 8h30, heure locale, un séisme de magnitude 7,2 a frappé la côte sud-ouest d'Haïti, causant des dommages à grande échelle dans toute la péninsule sud du pays. Le puissant séisme de 10 km de profondeur s'est produit à 13 km au sud-est de PetitTrou- de-Nippes, dans le département des Nippes, une région déjà dévastée par l'ouragan Matthew en 2016. Deux jours seulement après le séisme, la dépression tropicale Grace a déversé des pluies extrêmement fortes dans le sud d'Haïti, provoquant des inondations dans les mêmes zones touchées par le séisme.

Flash appeal summary: Haiti earthquake

Humanitarian needs are rapidly growing in the aftermath of the 7.2 magnitude earthquake that struck south-west Haiti on 14 August 2021, badly affecting the departments of Grand'Anse, Nippes and Sud. The earthquake's devastating impact, while considered less catastrophic than the 2010 earthquake that left more than 220,000 people dead and 1.5 million injured, was later compounded with heavy rains from tropical depression Grace on 17 August. Overall, official reports indicate more than 2,200 deaths and more than 12,000 people injured. The consecutive impacts damaged or destroyed more than 130,000 homes, rendering thousands homeless and in urgent need of assistance.

Flash appeal Haiti: earthquake - August 2021

On 14 August at 8:30 am local time, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck the south-western coast of Haiti causing large-scale damage across the country's southern peninsula. The powerful 10 km deep earthquake occurred 13km southeast of Petit-Troude-Nippes, in the department of Nippes, the same region devastated by Hurricane Matthew in 2016. Only two days after the quake, Tropical Depression Grace dumped extremely heavy rains in southern Haiti, causing flooding in the same quake-affected areas. Despite being much less catastrophic than the 2010 earthquake which left more than 220,000 people dead and 1.5 million injured, the impact of the 14 August earthquake has been devastating. According to the latest reports issued by the Haitian Civil Protection on 21 August, the death toll has now surpassed 2,200 with more than 12,200 people injured. Almost 53,000 homes have been destroyed and more than 77,000 have sustained damage. About 800,000 people have been affected and an estimated 650,000 people ­ 40 per cent of the 1.6 million people living in the affected departments ­ are in need of emergency humanitarian assistance. The back-to-back disasters are exacerbating preexisting vulnerabilities. At the time of the disaster, Haiti is still reeling from the 7 July assassination of President Jovenel Moïse and still facing an escalation in gang violence since June that has affected 1.5 million people, with at least 19,000 displaced in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince. The compounded effects of an ongoing political crisis, socio-economic challenges, food insecurity and gang violence continue to greatly worsen an already precarious humanitarian situation. Some 4.4 million people, or nearly 46 per cent of the population, face acute food insecurity, including 1.2 million who are in emergency levels (IPC 4) and 3.2 million people at crisis levels (IPC Phase 3). An estimated 217,000 children suffer from moderateto-severe acute malnutrition.

Haiti earthquake: situation report 4 - 23 August 2021

As a result of the 7.2 magnitude earthquake on August 14, 2021, according to Haiti's Civil Protection agency (DGPC), 2,207 people have died, 12,268 people were injured, and 320 are missing. In the most affected departments ­ Sud, Grand'Anse and Nippes ­ around 53,000 houses were destroyed and more than 77,000 damaged. Rapid assessments reported 59 health facilities affected in Grand'Anse, Nippes and Sud Departments: 27 severely damaged and 32 slightly damaged. In the affected departments, health sector evaluators are carrying out assessments to gather data on injured patients (hospitalizations, types of injuries and demographics) and the degree of damage to health facilities and needs. Logistics and security challenges continue limiting the delivery of supplies, deployment of personnel to affected areas and the transfer of patients to hospitals that are not overwhelmed. Health sector needs include: medical personnel, medicines, supplies and stock management, mental health and psychosocial support initiatives, implementation of preventive and control measures for communicable diseases, WASH operations in health facilities and shelters, rehabilitation of injured patients, among others

La educación antisísmica con estudiantes de medicina a través de un proyecto comunitario / Anti-seismic education of medical students through a community project

La prevención ante los desastres acaecidos por sismos constituye una problemática en determinadas regiones vulnerables en Cuba, y una prioridad en la formación de estudiantes de medicina. En este trabajo, las opiniones de los autores se fundamentan en la influencia que tiene un proyecto comunitario, para actuar ante situaciones sísmicas, en la preparación de los estudiantes de medicina, pues favorece una mayor calidad profesional y contribuye a enriquecer su labor preventiva con la población. Como parte del proceso, participaron 46 estudiantes de cuarto año de la Facultad de medicina No. 1, de Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2016 a febrero de 2018(AU)

Prevention of earthquake disasters is a problem in certain vulnerable regions of Cuba, and a priority in the training of medical students. In this work, the authors' opinions are based on the influence that a community project has, to act in seismic situations, in the preparation of medical students, since it favours a higher professional quality and contributes to enriching their preventive work with population. As part of the process, 46 fourth-year students from the Faculty of Medicine No. 1, Santiago de Cuba, participated in the period from September 2016 to February 2018(AU)

The prevalence of psychological distress during pregnancy in Miyagi Prefecture for 3 years after the Great Eas t Japan Earthquake

BACKGROUND@#To examine changes in psychological distress prevalence among pregnant women in Miyagi Prefecture, which was directly affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, and compare it with the other, less damaged areas of Japan.@*METHODS@#This study was conducted in conjunction with the Japan Environment and Children`s Study. We examined 76,152 pregnant women including 8270 in Miyagi Regional Center and 67,882 in 13 other regional centers from the all-birth fixed data of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. We then compared the prevalence and risk of distress in women in Miyagi Regional Center and women in the 13 regional centers for 3 years after the disaster.@*RESULTS@#Women in the Miyagi Regional Center suffered more psychological distress than those in the 13 regional centers: OR 1.38 (95% CI, 1.03-1.87) to 1.92 (95% CI, 1.42-2.60). Additionally, women in the inland area had a consistently higher prevalence of psychological distress compared to those from the 13 regional centers: OR 1.67 (95% CI, 1.18-2.38) to 2.19 (95% CI, 1.60-2.99).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The lack of pre-disaster data in the Japan Environment and Children's Study made it impossible to compare the incidence of psychological distress before and after the March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. However, 3 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake, the prevalence of pregnant women with psychological distress did not improve in Miyagi Regional Center. Further, the prevalence of mental illness in inland areas was consistently higher than that in the 13 regional centers after the disaster.

Percepción de funcionarios sobre la gestión del Sistema de Salud de Chone, ante el terremoto de Pedernales / Perception of officials on the management of the Chone Health System, in the face of the Pedernales earthquake

INTRODUCCIÓN. En abril de 2016 ocurrió en la provincia de Manabí-Ecuador un terremoto de 7,6 grados, escala de Richter. Afectó la gestión de entidades de salud de dicha provincia. El país viene implementando políticas para alcanzar acceso universal de atención de salud, pero, el sistema mantiene debilidades en el modelo de atención primaria. OBJETIVO. Describir los efectos del terremoto en la gestión del sistema de salud en el Distrito de Chone, en base a las percepciones de los funcionarios de salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio cualitativo. Se describió el evento desde la perspectiva de 11 funcionarios seleccionados de diferentes niveles de gestión técnica en el sistema de salud, que laboraron durante el terremoto. Datos obtenidos por una encuesta semiestructurada sobre las tres funciones del sistema de salud: Rectoría, Provisión de Servicios y Financiamiento. RESULTADOS. El terremoto profundizó las debilidades que ya existían, afectó la ejecución de los programas de salud. La gestión del nivel central del Ministerio de Salud Pública sobrecargó el trabajo del personal local y la asignación de recursos fue insuficiente. DISCUSIÓN. A pesar que la evidencia demostró que una adecuada atención primaria con suficiente personal de salud, mejora la respuesta ante desastres, sin embargo, esto no se dio y los efectos negativos del desastre se mantienen años después. CONCLUSIÓN. Las deficiencias en la atención primaria de salud, así como insuficiente preparación para la gestión adecuada ante un desastre natural, influyeron en la calidad de la respuesta del sistema de salud.

INTRODUCTION. In april 2016, an earthquake of 7.6 degrees, on the Richter scale, occurred in the province of Manabí-Ecuador. It affected the management of health entities in said province. The country has been implementing policies to achieve universal access to health care, but the system maintains weaknesses in the primary care model. OBJECTIVE. Describe the effects of the earthquake on the management of the health system in the Chone District, based on the perceptions of health officials. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Qualitative study. The event was described from the perspective of 11 officials selected from different levels of technical management in the health system, who worked during the earthquake. Data obtained by a semi-structured survey on the three functions of the health system: Stewardship, Provision of Services and Financing. RESULTS. The earthquake deepened the weaknesses that already existed, affected the execution of health programs. Management at the central level of the Ministry of Public Health overloaded the work of local staff and the allocation of resources was insufficient. DISCUSSION. Although the evidence showed that adequate primary care with sufficient health personnel improves the response to disasters, however, this did not occur and the negative effects of the disaster continue years later. CONCLUSION. Deficiencies in primary health care, as well as insufficient preparation to properly manage a natural disaster, influenced the quality of the health system response.

Género, desastres y mortalidad: Sismo en Ciudad de México, 19/septiembre/2017 / Gender, disasters and mortality: Earthquake in Mexico City, September 19th, 2017

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue explicar por qué murieron más mujeres en el sismo del 19 de septiembre de 2017 en la Ciudad de México. La metodología fue mixta, cuantitativa con datos epidemiológicos y estadísticos, y cualitativa con una revisión hemerográfica sobre la influencia del género en la mortalidad derivada de los sismos. Los resultados indican para la parte cuantitativa que la diferencia en las defunciones entre las mujeres respecto de las presentadas entre los hombres no puede atribuirse ni a cuestiones de distribución poblacional ni al azar. Los resultados indican para la parte cualitativa que hay muchos datos que indican que el género es un determinante social importante para explicar por qué es más frecuente que mueran más mujeres que hombres tras un sismo. Se recomienda entonces que deben considerarse estos datos de manera responsable para mejorar las acciones de prevención y de intervención a futuro.

Abstract This paper aimed to explain why more women died in the earthquake of September 19, 2017, in Mexico City. We adopted a mixed quantitative-qualitative method, with epidemiological and statistical data and a hemerographic review about the influence of gender on earthquake-derived mortality. In the quantitative part, the results show that the difference in deaths among women compared to those among men cannot be attributed to population distribution or randomization issues. In the qualitative part, the results show that many data are evidencing that gender is an essential social determinant that can explain why more women die than men after an earthquake. Therefore, we recommend that these data be considered responsibly to improve future prevention and intervention actions.

El terremoto de 1746 y su impacto en la salud en la ciudad de Lima / The earthquake of 1746 and its impact on health in the city of Lima

RESUMEN Durante el siglo XVIII la ciudad de Lima fue afectada por una serie de desastres de origen natural y de epidemias que mermaron tanto la población como la producción agrícola. A continuación, analizaremos el caso del terremoto producido en Lima el 28 de octubre de 1746 y su impacto en el sistema de salud de la ciudad. Dada la magnitud de su destrucción en la infraestructura y el alto número de muertes, marcó un hito en la sociedad limeña de la época.

ABSTRACT During the 18th century, the city of Lima was affected by a series of natural disasters and epidemics that depleted both the population and agricultural production. Next, we will analyze the case of the earth quake in Lima on October 28, 1746 and its impact on the city's health system, given the magnitude of the destruction of infrastructure and the high number of deaths it marked a milestone in Lima's society at the time.

Changes in smoking behavior among victims after the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami

BACKGROUND@#In areas affected by the tsunami of the great East Japan Earthquake, smoking behavior may have deteriorated due to high stress and drastic changes in living environment. Surveys were conducted to reveal changes in smoking behaviors among victims.@*METHODS@#A population-based random-sample home-visit interview survey of victims in Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures affected by the tsunami disaster was conducted in 2012 (n = 1978), while a population-based nationwide survey was conducted in 2013 (n = 1082). A panel survey in 2014 was conducted with respondents of the 2012 survey (n = 930). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to reveal factors related to smoking status after the disaster.@*RESULTS@#There was high smoking prevalence of both sexes in the tsunami disaster area (current smoking rate in coastal area, 50.0% for male, 21.4% for female; inland area, 34.7% for male, 7.6% for female). Low prevalence of male quitters was observed (quitter rate in coastal area, 20.8% for male, 8.0% for female; inland area, 23.4% for male, 5.5% for female). The prevalence of nicotine-dependent people assessed by FTND (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence) in the coastal area was also higher than in the inland area or other areas of Japan. Smoking behavior among victims worsened after the disaster and did not improve 3 years from the disaster. Post-disaster factors related to smoking were living in coastal area, complete destruction of house, and living in temporary housing.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Smoking prevalence and the level of nicotine dependence of tsunami victims were still high even 3 years after the disaster. It is important to emphasize measures for smoking control in the disaster areas for an extended time period.

A comparison of the levels of earthquake awareness and preparedness in a high risk and low risk barangay / The Health Sciences Journal

INTRODUCTION@#Metro Manila is at risk from “the big one”, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake caused by the movement of the West Valley Fault, thus awareness and preparedness of the people are very important. The study compared the levels of earthquake awareness and preparedness of households in a high-risk area and a low risk area.@*METHODS@#This was a cross-sectional study among 376 households each from a high- and a low-risk barangay in Metro Manila using a self-administered household-based survey questionnaire consisting of questions on awareness and preparedness. The prevalence of households classified as aware and wellprepared was computed; the significance of differences between the high- and low risk barangays was determined through Fisher’s exact test. @*RESULTS@#There were fewer households classified as aware in the high-risk barangay compared with the low risk barangay, but the difference was not significant (PR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.84, 1.01, p = 0.078, Fisher’s exact test). Less than half of households were classified as well-prepared in both high- and low risk barangays (49.7 vs 46.5%) and the difference was not significant (PR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.92, 1.24, p = 0.422, Fisher’s exact test). Television was the most common source of information in both barangays. Households in the high-risk barangay were more likely to be well-prepared when a member was at least a high school graduate (PR = 2.54, 95% CI 1.24, 5.22, p = 0.001, Fisher’s exact test).@*CONCLUSION@#There was no difference in the levels of awareness and preparedness between high and low risk barangays. Television was the most common source of information in both high and low risk barangays. The presence of at least one high school graduate in the household from a high-risk barangay was associated with preparedness but not awareness.

Expert consensus on on-site medical rescue and transfer of children in an earthquake / 中国当代儿科杂志

Children, as a special vulnerable group, are more susceptible to severe physical injury and psychological trauma in an earthquake. The Pediatric Disaster Branch of Chinese Pediatric Society of Chinese Medical Association and the Pediatric Branch of Chinese People's Liberation Army formulated the expert consensus on on-site medical rescue and transfer of children in an earthquake. The consensus introduces the treatment principles and precautions of on-site treatment and subsequent transfer for children in an earthquake, in order to better serve children in this emergency.

Fukushima: lecciones japonesas para la Salud Pública colombiana. Reporte de caso / Fukushima: japanese lessons to colombian Public Health

Resumen Introducción: Durante el 21o. Congreso Mundial de Epidemiología, organizado por la Asociación Internacional de Epidemiología (IEA) en Saitama-Japón en agosto de 2017, se aceptó invitación de los organizadores para visitar la Planta Nuclear # 1 de Fukushima. Objetivo: Explorar la situación operacional y de salud pública en el área de la prefectura de Fukushima y su planta nuclear #1, sitio afectado por el terremoto y tsunami de 2011. Métodos: Salida de inspección de campo (Inspection Tour) y encuentro con representantes de TEPCO (Tokyo Energy Power Company) en área de control; explicación didáctica de antecedentes y situación actual zonal, e instrucciones (briefing) para acceso. Visita con explicación de zonas de atención de salud y trabajos realizados. Recorrido en autobús especialmente adaptado al perímetro de cada reactor, portando dosímetro individual. Reunión final para resolución de dudas e inquietudes y lecciones del caso. Resultados: Visita y reuniones ejecutadas; exposición personal = 0,01 mSv/h. Radiación por zonas de reactor: central=230 mSv/h; paredes=40 mSv/h; planta=0,26 mSv/h, periferia=0,26 mSv/h. Zona de exclusión=20 km. Políticas de salubridad basadas en limpieza y remoción de fuentes de contaminación; aislamiento de aguas y bombeo de fuentes subterráneas; prevención y contención de escapes. Conclusión: La prevención lo es todo en asuntos industriales, sean nucleares o no; la colaboración interpersonal e interagencias es esencial en el manejo a muy largo plazo de desastres similares; debe evitarse incorporar técnicas o tecnologías industriales desconocidas o foráneas sin antes valorar su costo, alcance y posibles riesgos de salud individual, pública o medio-ambiental.

Abstract Introduction. During the 21st. International Epidemiology Association (IEA) World Congress of Epidemiology at Saitama (Japan), celebrated in August 2017, an invitation from its organizers to visit Fukushima Nuclear Plant # 1 was accepted. Objective: To explore operational and public health situation at the area of the Fukushima Prefecture and its nuclear plant #1, place affected by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Methods. Inspection tour and appointment with representatives of TEPCO (Tokyo Energy Power Company) at the control area; explanation on background and actual situation, and briefing before access. Guided visit to areas dedicated to healthcare and workers' attention, and work done. Tour by specially adapted autobus to the perimeter of each reactor, using individual dosimeter. Final meeting to solve questions and lessons of this case. Results. Visit and meetings were executed; individual exposure = 0,01 mSv. Radioactivity by reactor zones: central (inside) =230 mSv/h; walls =40 mSv/h; plant =0,26 mSv/h, perimeter =0,26 mSv/h. Exclusion zone =20 km. Public Health policies in place based upon cleansing and removal of sources of contamination; water isolation and subterranean sources pumping; prevention and containment of leaks. Conclusion. About industrial issues, prevention is everything, whether they be nuclear or not; interpersonal / interagencies' cooperation is paramount when dealing with similar disasters at a very long term; unknown or poorly understood industrial techniques or technologies should be avoided before a proper evaluation of their risk/benefit balance, scope and possible health risks to subjects, communities or environment.

Voluntariado, millenials y estrés postraumático. Terremoto en la ciudad de México / Volunteering, Millennials and Post-traumatic Stress. Mexico City Earthquake

El sismo ocurrido el 19 de septiembre del presente año en la ciudad de México, a 32 años del ocurrido en la misma fecha y en el mismo lugar, ha motivado una respuesta intensa de voluntariado en la generación llamada millenials; las redes sociales invitaron a participar y localizar las áreas geográ ficas más necesitadas de apoyo de brigadistas e insumos, y el poder de convocatoria y el espíritu de solidaridad fue ejemplar, incluso rebasando el número solicitado para dichas actividades. Analizando este fenómeno, es de considerar la respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿la generación millenial es la más prepa rada para afrontar un desastre de esta magnitud?

The earthquake that occurred on September 19 of this year in Mexico City, 32 years after that occurred on the same date and in the same place, has motivated an intense volunteer response in the generation called millennials; Social networks invited people to participate and locate the geographic areas most in need of support from brigades and supplies, and the convening power and spirit of solidarity was exemplary, even exceeding the number requested for such activities. Analyzing this phenomenon, it is necessary to consider the answer to the following question: is the millennial generation the most prepared to face a disaster of this magnitude?

La prensa y la participación social frente a los desastres: desde el sismo de Oaxaca de 1787 al sismo de Tehuantepec de 2017 / A Imprensa E A Participação Social Diante Dos Desastres: Do Terremoto De Oaxaca De 1787 Ao Terremoto De Tehuantepec Em 2017 / The Press And Social Participation In The Face Of Disasters: From The Oaxaca Earthquake Of 1787 To The Tehuantepec Earthquake Of 2017

A través de su historia, México se ha caracterizado por ser un país vulnerable a la ocurrencia de diversos eventos de origen meteorológico y geofísico debido a su ubicación geográfica.

The press and social participation in the face of disasters: from the Oaxaca earthquake of 1787 to the Tehuantepec earthquake of 2017.

A imprensa e a participação social diante dos desastres: do terremoto de Oaxaca de 1787 ao terremoto de Tehuantepec em 2017.